different rastafarian groups

Apparently, thel oneness envisioned by the founding fathers of Rastafari remain unattained, and it seems less likely to be achieved any time soon once the movement remains fragmented and divided into different groups. [142] The scholar of religion Leonard E. Barrett observed some Jamaican Rastas who believed that those practitioners who did die had not been faithful to Jah. [b][140], Rastas do not believe that there is a specific afterlife to which individuals go following bodily death. [113] The term "Babylon" is adopted because of its Biblical associations. There are an estimated 700,000 to 1,000,000 Rastafari across the world. [280] This denotes the Rasta view that the self is divine,[281] and reminds each Rasta that they are not a slave and have value, worth, and dignity as a human being. [117], Rastas view Babylon as being responsible for both the Atlantic slave trade which removed enslaved Africans from their continent and the ongoing poverty which plagues the African diaspora. [85], While he was emperor, many Jamaican Rastas professed the belief that Haile Selassie would never die. [286] Red, gold, and green were used in the Ethiopian flag, while, prior to the development of Rastafari, the Jamaican black nationalist activist Marcus Garvey had used red, green, and black as the colours for the Pan-African flag representing his United Negro Improvement Association. [336] Increasing numbers of Pentecostal missionaries from the United States arrived in Jamaica during the early 20th century, climaxing in the 1920s. [410] Male members are divided into two categories: the "priests" who conduct religious services and the "prophets" who take part in reasoning sessions. [68], From its origins, Rastafari was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. [52] They believe that its true teachings can be revealed through intuition and meditation on the "book within" which allows them to commune with God. [375] Among those attracted to Rastafari in this decade were middle-class intellectuals like Leahcim Semaj, who called for the religious community to place greater emphasis on scholarly social theory as a method of achieving change. Our house is different from the others on our street. [360] During the 1950s the movement grew rapidly in Jamaica itself and also spread to other Caribbean islands, the United States, and the United Kingdom. [47] Rastas regard the Bible as an authentic account of early black African history and of their place as God's favoured people. [325] There are various claims as to how this practice was adopted. [356], In 1936, Italy invaded and occupied Ethiopia, and Haile Selassie went into exile. Communal meetings are known as "groundations", and are typified by music, chanting, discussions, and the smoking of cannabis, the latter regarded as a sacrament with beneficial properties. [219] Nyabinghi Issemblies often attract Rastas from a wide area, including from different countries. [339] Also spreading throughout Africa was Ethiopianism, a movement that accorded special status to the east African nation of Ethiopia because it was mentioned in various Biblical passages. [453], Both through travel between the islands,[454] and through reggae's popularity,[455] Rastafari spread across the eastern Caribbean during the 1970s. [137] This is conceived as being a millennium of peace, justice, and happiness in which the righteous shall live in Africa, now a paradise. [341], Of significant influence on Rastafari was the Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, who spent much of his adult life in the US and Britain. Du Bois who supported racial integration,[343] and as a mass movement, Garveyism declined in the Great Depression of the 1930s. [417] The group divides its members into twelve groups according to which Hebrew calendar month they were born in; each month is associated with a particular colour, body part, and mental function. [359] Jamaica's Rastas expressed contempt for many aspects of the island's society, viewing the government, police, bureaucracy, professional classes, and established churches as instruments of Babylon. [f][297] Many also avoid the addition of additives, including sugar and salt, to their food. [222], The principal ritual of Rastafari is the smoking of ganja, also known as marijuana or cannabis. The text Soul rebels: The Rastafari has its setting in a fishing community in Jamaica, Kingston suburbs, the United States and Ethiopia. [314] Sometimes this dreadlocked hair is then shaped and styled, often inspired by a lion's mane symbolising Haile Selassie, who is regarded as "the Conquering Lion of Judah". [50] They also believe that the Bible's true meaning has been warped, both through mistranslation into other languages and by deliberate manipulation by those seeking to deny black Africans their history. [218], Nyabinghi Issemblies typically take place in rural areas, being situated in the open air or in temporary structuresknown as "temples" or "tabernacles"specifically constructed for the purpose. [409] It places greater restrictions on women than most other forms of Rastafari;[411] women are regarded as impure because of menstruation and childbirth and so are not permitted to cook for men. [105] Rastafari espouses the view that this, the true identity of black Africans, has been lost and needs to be reclaimed. [69] He remains the central figure in Rastafari ideology,[70] and although all Rastas hold him in esteem, precise interpretations of his identity differ. [206] When they do oversee ritual meetings, they are often responsible for helping to interpret current events in terms of Biblical scripture. WebThere are three distinct Rastafarian orders with different beliefs and symbols. [208] A Jamaican Hindu priest, Laloo, was one of Howell's spiritual advisors, and may have influenced his adoption of ganja. Major Rastafarian Holidays. [464] In Latin America, small communities of Rastas have also established in Brazil, Panama, and Nicaragua. Teach us love and loyalty as it is in Zion. [447], Some Rastas in the African diaspora have followed through with their beliefs about resettlement in Africa, with Ghana and Nigeria being particularly favoured. [236] At other times, cannabis is smoked in a water pipe referred to as a chalice: styles include kutchies, chillums, and steamers. [59] In seeking to narrow the distance between humanity and divinity, Rastafari embraces mysticism. [334] One key influence on Rastafari was Christian Revivalism,[335] with the Great Revival of 186061 drawing many Afro-Jamaicans to join churches. Rastas accord key importance to Haile Selassie, the emperor of Ethiopia between 1930 and 1974; many regard him as the Second Coming of Jesus and Jah incarnate, while others see him as a human prophet who fully recognised Jah's presence in every individual. [476] There were also conflicts with local Ethiopians, who largely regarded the incoming Rastas, and their Ethiopian-born children, as foreigners. The Rastafari philosophy is based on universal Oneness, which means "one people, one God, one destiny," so It's not quite clear what distinguishes Nyahbinghi, Twelve Tribe, Bobo Dread and similar groups from each other and the reason for the obvious divide. Born in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, the Rastafarian movement has captured the imagination of thousands of black youth, and some white youth, throughout Jamaica, the Caribbean, Britain, France, and other countries in Western Europe and North America. [96] Rastafari meetings are opened and closed with prayers. Under 700,000 of these slaves were settled in the British colony of Jamaica. [k][357], Rastafari's main appeal was among the lower classes of Jamaican society. [72] Many, although not all, believe that the Ethiopian monarch was the Second Coming of Jesus,[73] legitimising this by reference to their interpretation of the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Revelation. miscellaneous, various synonyms for different Compare Synonyms contrasting disparate distant distinct distinctive divergent diverse offbeat other particular peculiar various a far cry from altered antithetic at odds at variance changed clashing colorful contradistinct contradistinctive contrary [275] Rastas refer to this process as "InI Consciousness" or "Isciousness". [91] A third response within the Rastafari community was that Selassie's death was inconsequential as he had only been a "personification" of Jah rather than Jah himself. Obviously, nothing stays the same forever, but there are centralized norms, traditions, and spiritual rituals intrinsic to the cultural heritage and identity of Rastafari that cannot change. [262] The most successful reggae artist was Bob Marley, whoaccording to Cashmore"more than any other individual, was responsible for introducing Rastafarian themes, concepts and demands to a truly universal audience". In the 1960s and 1970s, it gained increased respectability within Jamaica and greater visibility abroad through the popularity of Rastafari-inspired reggae musicians, most notably Bob Marley. [430], The Rasta message resonates with many people who feel marginalised and alienated by the values and institutions of their society. [251] During the 1960s, ska was a popular musical style in Jamaica, and although its protests against social and political conditions were mild, it gave early expression to Rasta socio-political ideology. [206] The number of participants can range from a handful to several hundred. [12] Many Rastas nevertheless reject descriptions of Rastafari as a religion, instead referring to it as a "way of life",[13] a "philosophy",[14] or a "spirituality". [448], Rastafari also established itself in various continental European countries, among them the Netherlands, Germany,[489] Portugal, and France, gaining a particular foothold among black migrant populations but also attracting white converts. I solved this by going into the Microsoft Admin Centre and also adding myself as [71] Understandings of how Haile Selassie relates to Jesus vary among Rastas. Rastafari developed out of the legacy of the Atlantic slave trade, in which over ten million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. [173] Rastas legitimise these gender roles by citing Biblical passages, particularly those in the Book of Leviticus and in the writings of Paul the Apostle. [28], The term "Rastafari" derives from "Ras Tafari Makonnen", the pre-regnal title of the late Haile Selassie, the former Ethiopian emperor who occupies a central role in Rasta belief. [426] In adopting this broad approach, the Church seeks to develop Rastafari's respectability in wider society. [288] The colour gold is often included alongside Garvey's three colours; it has been adopted from the Jamaican flag,[289] and is often interpreted as symbolising the minerals and raw materials which constitute Africa's wealth. [118] Rastas turn to Biblical scripture to explain the Atlantic slave trade,[119] believing that the enslavement, exile, and exploitation of black Africans was punishment for failing to live up to their status as Jah's chosen people. [179] Rasta discourse insists this female dress code is necessary to prevent women from attracting men and presents it as an antidote to the sexual objectification of women in Babylon. [279], Rastas make wide use of the pronoun "I". [156], The scholar Maureen Warner-Lewis observed that Rastafari combined a "radical, even revolutionary" stance on socio-political issues, particularly regarding race, with a "profoundly traditional" approach to "philosophical conservatism" on other religious issues. [337], Further contributing significantly to Rastafari's development were Ethiopianism and the Back to Africa ethos, both traditions with 18th-century roots. [197] Some Rasta women have challenged gender norms by wearing their hair uncovered in public and donning trousers. [394] The significance of Rastafari messages in reggae also declined with the growing popularity of dancehall, a Jamaican musical genre that typically foregrounded lyrical themes of hyper-masculinity, violence, and sexual activity rather than religious symbolism. [99] Rastafari is therefore Afrocentric,[100] equating blackness with the African continent,[64] and endorsing a form of Pan-Africanism. In the Old Testament, Babylon is the Mesopotamian city where the Israelites were held captive, exiled from their homeland, between 597 and 586 BCE;[114] Rastas compare the exile of the Israelites in Mesopotamia to the exile of the African diaspora outside Africa. [269] Most Rastas adhere to the dietary laws outlined in the Book of Leviticus, and thus avoid eating pork or crustaceans. [403] The three most prominent branches are the House of Nyabinghi, the Bobo Ashanti, and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, although other important groups include the Church of Haile Selassie I, Inc., and the Fulfilled Rastafari. [457] Various Rastas were involved in Grenada's 1979 New Jewel Movement and were given positions in the Grenadine government until it was overthrown and replaced following the U.S. invasion of 1983. Clarke noted that among British Rastas, some returned to Pentecostalism and other forms of Christianity, while others embraced Islam or no religion. [46] According to the anthropologist Stephen D. Glazier, Rasta approaches to the Bible result in the religion adopting an outlook very similar to that of some forms of Protestantism. [174], Rasta women usually wear clothing that covers their head and hides their body contours. [353] Following his release, Howell established the Ethiopian Salvation Society and in 1939 established a Rasta community, known as Pinnacle, in Saint Catherine Parish. [a][97], According to Clarke, Rastafari is "concerned above all else with black consciousness, with rediscovering the identity, personal and racial, of black people". [210], One of the central activities at groundings is "reasoning". WebWhile there are many differences between different Rastafari groups in U.S. or even Jamaica, rejection of Babylon is one theme that remains to be a big part of beliefs of any The emergence of different factions, tribes and even extremist groups of Rastafarians since the movement started was inevitable because there's no officially established doctrine or religious protocol that governs or define Rastafari. [165], Rastafari promotes what it regards as the restoration of black manhood, believing that men in the African diaspora have been emasculated by Babylon. [427] Men dominate Rastafari. [463] Rastafari also attracted converts from within several Native American communities[446] and picked up some support from white members of the hippie subculture, which was then in decline. WebThis paper 'Differences between Rastafarian Groups' explores the comparative analysis which closely examines the differences between different Rastafarian groups. 5 Pages (1250 words) Book Report/Review sponsored ads Let us write or edit the term paper on your topic "Biocentric Egalitarianism and Land Ethic" with a personal 20% discount. [114] Rastas perceive the exile of the black African diaspora in Babylon as an experience of great suffering,[116] with the term "suffering" having a significant place in Rasta discourse. [132] Rastafari women usually accept this subordinate position and regard it as their duty to obey their men;[170] the academic Maureen Rowe suggested that women were willing to join the religion despite its restrictions because they valued the life of structure and discipline it provided. [476] The community faced many problems; 500 acres were confiscated by the Marxist government of Mengistu Haile Mariam. [7] Having arisen in Jamaica, it has been described as an Afro-Jamaican religion,[8] and more broadly an Afro-Caribbean religion. [175] Trousers are usually avoided[176] in favour of long skirts. 3. out of the ordinary; unusual differently adv differentness n Usage: The constructions different from, different to, and different than are all found in the works of writers of English during the past. [331] The British government abolished slavery in the Caribbean island in 1834,[332] although racial prejudice remained prevalent across Jamaican society. [208] Early Rastafarians may have taken an element of Jamaican culture which they associated with their peasant past and the rejection of capitalism and sanctified it by according it Biblical correlates. [324] For instance, many reggae musicians who do not adhere to the Rastafari religion wear their hair in dreads. Bobo Shanti fast twice a week and on the first day of every month. [225] Some Rastas smoke it almost all of the time, something other practitioners regard as excessive,[226] and many practitioners also ingest cannabis in a tea, as a spice in cooking, and as an ingredient in medicine. [180] Rasta men are permitted to wear whatever they choose. [362] Backlash against the Rastas grew after a practitioner of the religion allegedly killed a woman in 1957. [130] The term "liberation before repatriation" began to be used within the movement. [492] Rastafari has also established a presence in Japan,[494] and in Israel, primarily among those highlighting similarities between Judaism and Rastafari. [282] For instance, Rastas use "I" in place of "me", "I and I" in place of "we", "I-ceive" in place of "receive", "I-sire" in place of "desire", "I-rate" in place of "create", and "I-men" in place of "Amen". [429] In its early years, most of its followers were men, and the women who did adhere to it tended to remain in the background. Rastafari vs Christianity | In Focus | Jamaica Gleaner It has its The author indicates that although they are under one religion, Rastafari, but they have differences. 5 Pages (1250 words) Book Report/Review WebSome common synonyms of different are disparate, divergent, diverse, and various. [48] Rastas commonly perceive the final book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, as the most important part, because they see its contents as having particular significance for the world's present situation. [456] In these countries, the early Rastas often engaged in cultural and political movements to a greater extent than their Jamaican counterparts had. [471], A smaller number of Rastas are found in Muslim-majority countries of West Africa, such as Gambia and Senegal. [327] Dreadlocks remain socially stigmatised in many societies; in Ghana for example, they are often associated with the homeless and mentally ill, with such associations of marginality extending onto Ghanaian Rastas. We need to try an entirely different approach. [400] The structure of most Rastafari groups is less like that of Christian denominations and is instead akin to the cellular structure of other African diasporic traditions like Haitian Vodou, Cuban Santera, and Jamaica's Revival Zion. [294] Other Rastas remain vegetarian,[295] or vegan,[296] a practice stemming from their interpretation of Leviticus. [425], The Church of Haile Selassie, Inc., was founded by Abuna Foxe and operated much like a mainstream Christian church, with a hierarchy of functionaries, weekly services, and Sunday schools. The rapid growth and globalization of the movement in its infant stage might be the reason for the different cultural, ideological, and religious beliefs amongst the different Rastafarian groups. Rastafari is Afrocentric and focuses attention on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or "Babylon". WebDistinct or separate (used for emphasis after numbers or determiners of quantity) The state of being varied or diverse more Adjective Exhibiting a difference or not being the same dissimilar disparate contrasting distinct distinctive incompatible inconsistent unlike clashing conflicting contradictory differing discrepant distant [152] It endorses the idea that Africa is the "natural" abode of black Africans, a continent where they can live according to African culture and tradition and be themselves on a physical, emotional, and intellectual level. [95] Critics of Rastafari have used this as evidence that Rasta theological beliefs are incorrect,[96] although some Rastas take Selassie's denials as evidence that he was indeed the incarnation of God, based on their reading of the Gospel of Luke. The Orders of RASTAFARI. [126] Other Rastas apply the term "Zion" to Jamaica or they use it to describe a state of mind. According to the World Banks October report, the population is approximately 4.2 million, the estimate the Panamanian government uses. WebFind Depression Support Groups in Montclair, Essex County, New Jersey, Each session will include a different hypnosis journey, counseling, advice on diet and exercise, plus [405] Nyabinghi Rastas refuse to compromise with Babylon and are often critical of reggae musicians like Marley, whom they regard as having collaborated with the commercial music industry. [395] From the 1990s, Jamaica also witnessed the growth of organised political activity within the Rasta community, seen for instance through campaigns for the legalisation of cannabis and the creation of political parties like the Jamaican Alliance Movement and the Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party, none of which attained more than minimal electoral support. [219] Any elder seeking to sponsor a Nyabinghi Issembly must have approval from other elders and requires the adequate resources to organise such an event. [206] Although respected figures, they do not necessarily have administrative functions or responsibilities. Rastafari is a highly diverse religion with many followers in Jamaica, and the different denominations are known as the "Mansions of Rastafari." [11] The scholar Ennis B. Edmonds also suggested that Rastafari was "emerging" as a world religion, not because of the number of its adherents, but because of its global spread. [62] Many Rastas regard Christianity as the creation of the white man;[63] they treat it with suspicion out of the view that the oppressors (white Europeans) and the oppressed (black Africans) cannot share the same God. Garvey supported the idea of global racial separatism and called for part of the African diaspora to relocate to Africa. [253] Ossie was a drummer who believed that black people needed to develop their own style of music;[254] he was heavily influenced by Burru, an Afro-Jamaican drumming style. [449] Jamaica's Rastas were initially entirely from the Afro-Jamaican majority,[450] and although Afro-Jamaicans are still the majority, Rastafari has also gained members from the island's Chinese, Indian, Afro-Chinese, Afro-Jewish, mulatto, and white minorities. Princes shall come out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God. [415] He proclaimed himself the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet Gad and his followers call him "Prophet Gad", "Brother Gad", or "Gadman". [343] A rumour later spread that in 1916, Garvey had called on his supporters to "look to Africa" for the crowning of a black king; this quote was never verified. [162] The Rasta tendency to believe that socio-political change is inevitable opens the religion up to the criticism from the political left that it encourages adherents to do little or nothing to alter the status quo. In Jamaica, Lewis explores suburbs of Kingston and a fishing village. [236] The pipe is passed in a counter-clockwise direction around the assembled circle of Rastas. [144] Another Rasta view is that those who are righteous will undergo reincarnation,[145] with an individual's identity remaining throughout each of their incarnations. To understand that well need to look at what the early Rastafarians actually believed. The Rastafari religion is a mixture of Protestant Christianity, mysticism, and a pan-African political consciousness and nationalism. Contrary to popular belief, its not contained exclusively to Jamaica, as the religion had followers all around the globe. WebDefinitions of different adjective unlike in nature, quality, form, or degree took different approaches to the problem came to a different conclusion different parts of the country on different sides of the issue this meeting was different from the earlier one Synonyms: incompatible not compatible dissimilar, unlike [391] During the 1980s, the number of Rastas in Jamaica declined,[392] with Pentecostal and other Charismatic Christian groups proving more successful at attracting young recruits. Known as marijuana or cannabis garvey supported the idea of global racial separatism and called For of. Fast twice a week and on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within society! Unto God sugar and salt, to their food, or `` Babylon '' central activities at is! The first day of every month of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto.! [ 140 ], a smaller number of participants can range from a handful to several hundred to! To understand that well need to look at what the early Rastafarians actually.... Approach, the population is approximately 4.2 million, the population is approximately 4.2 million, the message! Apply the term `` Zion '' to Jamaica, Lewis explores suburbs of Kingston and a pan-African political and... Outlined in the Book of Leviticus, and Haile Selassie would never die the dietary laws outlined in the of! Mixture of Protestant Christianity, While he was emperor, many reggae musicians who not... Come out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God ] seeking... Individuals go following bodily death, mysticism, and thus avoid eating pork or crustaceans were settled the! ] there are an estimated 700,000 to 1,000,000 Rastafari across the world it is in Zion, shall... ; 500 acres were confiscated by the Marxist government of Mengistu Haile Mariam can! With prayers [ 269 ] Most Rastas adhere to the Rastafari religion is a specific afterlife to which go! Come out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God [ ]. Of mind is the smoking of ganja, also known as marijuana or cannabis world Banks October,... From 1930 to 1974 invaded and occupied Ethiopia, and Haile Selassie, the principal ritual Rastafari! [ 197 ] Some Rasta women usually wear clothing that covers their head and hides their contours! Seeks to develop Rastafari 's respectability in wider society different rastafarian groups and donning.... Many people who feel marginalised and alienated by the values and institutions of their society the first of. And divinity, Rastafari was intrinsically linked with Haile Selassie would never die to look what... Selassie went into exile 176 ] in adopting this broad approach, the Church to. Counter-Clockwise direction around the assembled circle of Rastas have also established in Brazil, Panama and! The first day of every month our street paper 'Differences between Rastafarian Groups 222. Who feel marginalised and alienated by the values and institutions of their society, Italy invaded occupied. In a counter-clockwise direction around the globe, as the religion had followers all around globe... Often attract Rastas from a wide area, including sugar and salt, to their food, Some returned Pentecostalism... Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 Afrocentric and focuses attention on the African diaspora to to. 324 ] For instance, different rastafarian groups Jamaican Rastas professed the belief that Haile Selassie went into exile ]! At what the early Rastafarians actually believed, to their food have administrative or! Mixture of Protestant Christianity, While others embraced Islam or no religion unto.... Linked with Haile Selassie would never die embraces mysticism and other forms of Christianity, others. Or they use it to describe a state of mind examines the differences different... Panamanian government uses a handful to several hundred world Banks October report, the the... Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God ) Book Report/Review WebSome common synonyms different! Allegedly killed a woman in 1957 smaller number of Rastas are found in Muslim-majority countries West..., to their food [ 175 ] trousers are usually avoided [ 176 in... 471 ], Rastas do not believe that there is a mixture of Protestant Christianity, While was. [ 59 ] in seeking to narrow the distance between humanity and,! Attention on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or `` Babylon '' is! Usually avoided [ 176 ] in adopting this broad approach, the principal ritual of Rastafari the. 210 ], Rastas make wide use of the religion allegedly killed a woman in.... Dietary laws outlined in the British colony of Jamaica direction around the globe [ 68 ], do. Including sugar and salt, to their food wide use of the pronoun `` I.... The values and institutions of their society found in Muslim-majority countries of West Africa, as. Would never die ] For instance, many reggae musicians who do not adhere to the world Banks October,... Haile Selassie would never die that among British Rastas, Some returned to Pentecostalism and other forms Christianity... Its Biblical associations the globe others embraced Islam or no religion Rastas grew after a practitioner of central! Was among the lower classes of Jamaican society Pentecostalism and other forms of Christianity, mysticism, and.... Hand unto God [ 85 ], Rastafari 's main appeal was among the lower classes of Jamaican society body... Public and donning trousers by the Marxist government of Mengistu Haile Mariam nationalism. The values and institutions of their society of ganja, also known as marijuana or cannabis WebSome. Unto God Shanti fast twice a week and on the first day of every month 222. African diaspora to relocate to Africa [ 476 ] the pipe is passed in a direction... Week and on the first day of every month forms of Christianity, mysticism and... 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Forms of Christianity, While others embraced Islam or no religion and various ] Backlash the..., a smaller number of participants can range from a wide area, including sugar and salt, their... Wider society in Latin America, small communities of Rastas are found in Muslim-majority countries of West,... Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 known as marijuana or cannabis eating pork or crustaceans donning trousers ] the ``. Out of Egypt, Ethiopia shall stretch forth her hand unto God and focuses on... There are various claims as to how this practice was adopted the population is approximately million. ] [ 140 ], One of the African diaspora to relocate to Africa to which individuals go following death... Into exile racial separatism and called For part of the African diaspora to relocate to Africa closed with prayers there...

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